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Certification Overview This certification validates the ability to perform basic skill level tasks
in installing, configuring, maintaining and troubleshooting Dell EMC Networking
products
Certification Requirements To complete the requirements for this certification you must:
1. Pass the following Exam
• DEA-5TT1 Associate - Networking Exam
Note: These details reflect certification requirements as of December 14, 2018.
Other Certification Recommendations This certification will qualify towards the following Specialist level
certifications in the Dell EMC Proven Professional Program
• Specialist – Infrastructure Security Version 1.0
• Specialist – Implementation Engineer, Campus Networking Version 1.0
• Specialist – Implementation Engineer, Data Center Networking Version 1.0
The Proven Professional Program periodically updates certification requirements.
*Please check the Proven Professional CertTracker website regularly for the
latest information and for other options to meet the Associate level
requirement.
Overview
This exam is a qualifying exam for the Associate - Networking track.
This exam focuses on basic Networking foundational skills and portfolio
introduction.
Dell Technologies provides free practice tests to assess your knowledge in
preparation for the exam. Practice tests allow you to become familiar with the
topics and question types you will find on the proctored exam. Your results on a
practice test offer one indication of how prepared you are for the proctored
exam and can highlight topics on which you need to study and train further. A
passing score on the practice test does not guarantee a passing score on the
certification exam.
Products Products likely to be referred to on this exam include but are not limited
to:
• Dell EMC Networking Switches
Exam Topics Topics likely to be covered on this exam include:
Networks – The Basics (7%)
• Explain the purpose and function of network devices such as switches and
routers, WANs and LANs, and common Campus and Datacenter topologies
• Explain the purpose and basic operations of the OSI model
• Describe the concepts and use cases for Layer 2 - Data Link Layer, Discovery
protocols
Ethernet Networking (7%) • Describe Ethernet networking
• Describe the standards of how Ethernet operates and how addressing is used to
move data on the Ethernet network
Switching Fundamentals and Creating a Switched Network (23%) • Explain the reason for network switching and the process of moving frames
within a switched network
• Explain how to differentiate between a broadcast domain and collision domain
• Explain how to select cabling and the cables that are certified for network
connectivity
• Describe the concepts of VLANs, Spanning-Tree protocol, and Link Aggregation
and how each functions within the network
Internet Protocol v4 and v6 (14%) • Identify and describe the differences between private and public IP
addressing, and describe classful and CIDR addressing
• Describe IPv4 addressing and explain the process of using IPv4 in the network
• Describe IPv6 addressing and explain the process of using IPv6 in the network
Transport Layer (7%)
• Describe the function of the Transport layers, how it supports host-to-host
connectivity, and protocols used by the Transport layers and their use cases
IP Routing Technologies and Routing Protocols (15%) • Describe basic routing concepts and explain how to interpret a routing
table
• Identify and describe the differences between static and dynamic routing
• Identify and describe the classifications of routing protocols and how they
are used to route within and between autonomous systems
• Explain the routing process used by RIPv2, OSPF, and BGP (link state and
distance vector routing) routing protocols
IP and Network Services (7%) • Describe the DHCP and NTP service and explain the configuration steps
• Describe Access Control Lists (ACLs) and Network Address Translation
Security, Authentication, and ACLs (3%)
• Describe the options and processes of securing access to the network
Switch Stacking, Dell EMC Campus, Datacenter, and Modular Switch Portfolio
(10%) • Describe the key concepts of stacking and the hardware required to
configure stacking using OS 6, OS 9, and OS 10
• Describe the switch models that are part of the Dell EMC Campus, Datacenter,
and Modular Switch portfolio
Dell EMC Switch Software, Configuration, and Management (7%) Explain how software is used to configure and manage Dell EMC switches, and
describe the steps to complete an initial switch configuration
Recommended Training The following curriculum is recommended for candidates preparing to take
this exam.
QUESTION 1
What are Network Address Translation (NAT) inside global addresses?
A. Addresses used by NAT router when sending frames to devices on the local
network
B. Public IP addresses used by the local network to communicate with the
Internet
C. Private IP addresses used by the local network
D. Pubic addresses used by other networks outside of the local network
Correct Answer: B
QUESTION 2
Which topology is considered a best practice when stacking switches?
A. Ring
B. Cascade
C. Serial
D. Daisy-chain
Correct Answer: A
QUESTION 3 Which option is used to configure Network Address Translation (NAT) to
provide one-to-one mapping between local and global addresses?
A. Outside source static
B. Overload
C. Inside source static
D. PAT
Correct Answer: C
QUESTION 4 What is the valid range assigned to a client during a TCP connection?
A. 20 - 25
B. 443 - 1000
C. 1023 - 2024
D. 40000 - 65535
EXAM OVERVIEW The Professional VMware vSphere 7.x (2V0-21.20) Exam validates that an
individual can implement, manage, and troubleshoot a VMware vSphere® 7
infrastructure, which includes VMware ESXi™ 7 and VMware vCenter Server® 7.
The Professional VMware vSphere 7.x Exam (2V0-21.20), which leads to the VMware
Certified Professional – Data Center Virtualization 2020 certification, is a
70-item exam with a passing score of 300 using a scaled method. Candidates are
given an exam time of 130 minutes, which includes adequate time to complete the
exam for non-native English speakers.
Exam Delivery This is a proctored exam delivered through Pearson VUE. For more
information, visit the Pearson VUE website.
Certification Information For details and a complete list of requirements and recommendations for
attainment, please reference the VMware Education Services – Certification
website.
Minimally Qualified Candidate A minimally qualified candidate (MQC) has 6-12 months hands-on experience
implementing, managing and troubleshooting a vSphere 7 infrastructure. They are
typically administrators, capable of performing deployment and administration of
a virtual infrastructure using vSphere. The candidate also has working knowledge
of storage, networking, hardware, security, business continuity and disaster
recovery concepts.
Exam Sections VMware exam blueprint sections are now standardized to the seven sections
below, some of which may NOT be included in the final exam blueprint depending
on the exam objectives.
Section 1 – Architecture and Technologies
Section 2 – Products and Solutions
Section 3 – Planning and Designing
Section 4 – Installing, Configuring, and Setup
Section 5 – Performance-tuning, Optimization, and Upgrades
Section 6 – Troubleshooting and Repairing
Section 7 – Administrative and Operational Tasks
If a section does not have testable objectives in this version of the exam, it
will be noted below, accordingly. The objective numbering may be referenced in
your score report at the end of your testing event for further preparation
should a retake of the exam be necessary.
Section 1 –Architectures and Technologies Objective 1.1 – Identify the pre-requisites and components for a vSphere
implementation
Objective 1.2 – Describe vCenter Server topology
Objective 1.3 – Identify and differentiate storage access protocols for vSphere
(NFS, iSCSI, SAN, etc.)
1.3.1 – Describe storage datastore types for vSphere
1.3.2 – Explain the importance of advanced storage configuration (vSphere
Storage APIs for Storage Awareness (VASA), vSphere Storage APIs Array
Integration (VAAI), etc.)
1.3.3 – Describe storage policies
1.3.4 – Describe basic storage concepts in K8s, vSAN and vSphere Virtual Volumes
(vVols)
Objective 1.4 – Differentiate between vSphere Network I/O Control (NIOC) and
vSphere Storage I/O Control (SIOC)
Objective 1.5 – Describe instant clone architecture and use cases
Objective 1.6 – Describe ESXi cluster concepts
1.6.1 – Describe Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS)
1.6.2 – Describe vSphere Enhanced vMotion Compatibility (EVC)
1.6.3 – Describe how Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) scores virtual
machines
1.6.4 – Describe vSphere High Availability
1.6.5 – Describe datastore clusters
Objective 1.7 – Identify vSphere distributed switch and vSphere standard switch
capabilities
1.7.1 – Describe VMkernel networking
1.7.2 – Manage networking on multiple hosts with vSphere distributed switch
1.7.3 – Describe networking policies
1.7.4 – Manage Network I/O Control (NIOC) on a vSphere distributed switch
Objective 1.8 – Describe vSphere Lifecycle Manager concepts (baselines, cluster
images, etc.)
Objective 1.9 – Describe the basics of vSAN as primary storage
1.9.1 – Identify basic vSAN requirements(networking, disk count + type)
Objective 1.10 – Describe the vSphere Trust Authority architecture
Objective 1.11 – Explain Software Guard Extensions (SGX)
Section 2 – VMware Products and Solutions Objective 2.1 – Describe the role of vSphere in the software-defined data
center (SDDC)
Objective 2.2 – Identify use cases for vCloud Foundation
Objective 2.3 – Identify migration options
Objective 2.4 – Identify DR use cases
Objective 2.5 – Describe vSphere integration with VMware Skyline
Section 3 – Planning and Designing - There are no testable objectives for this
section.
Section 4 – Installing, Configuring, and Setup Objective 4.1 – Describe single sign-on (SSO) deployment topology
4.1.1 – Configure a single sign-on (SSO) domain
4.1.2 – Join an existing single sign-on (SSO) domain
Objective 4.2 – Configure VSS advanced virtual networking options
Objective 4.3 – Set up identity sources
4.3.1 – Configure Identity Federation
4.3.2 – Configure Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) integration
4.3.3 – Configure Active Directory integration
Objective 4.4 – Deploy and configure vCenter Server Appliance
Objective 4.5 – Create and configure VMware High Availability and advanced
options (Admission Control, Proactive High Availability, etc.)
Objective 4.6 – Deploy and configure vCenter Server High Availability
Objective 4.7 – Set up content library
Objective 4.8 – Configure vCenter Server file-based backup
Objective 4.9 – Analyze basic log output from vSphere products
Objective 4.10 – Configure vSphere Trust Authority
Objective 4.11 – Configure vSphere certificates
Section 5 – Performance-tuning, Optimization, Upgrades Objective 5.1 – Identify resource pools use cases
5.1.1 – Explain shares, limits and reservations (resource management)
Objective 5.2 – Monitor resources of vCenter Server Appliance and vSphere
environment
Objective 5.3 – Identify and use tools for performance monitoring
Objective 5.4 – Configure Network I/O Control (NIOC)
Objective 5.5 – Configure Storage I/O Control (SIOC)
Objective 5.6 – Explain the performance impact of maintaining virtual machine
snapshots
Objective 5.7 – Plan for upgrading various vSphere components
Section 6 – Troubleshooting and Repairing - There are no testable objectives for
this section.
Section 7 – Administrative and Operational Tasks
Objective 7.1 – Create and manage virtual machine snapshots
Objective 7.2 – Create virtual machines using different methods (Open Virtual
Machine Format (OVF) templates, content library, etc.)
Objective 7.3 – Manage virtual machines
Objective 7.4 – Manage storage (datastores, storage policies, etc.)
7.4.1 – Configure and modify datastores (expand/upgrade existing datastore,
etc.)
7.4.2 – Create virtual machine storage policies
7.4.3 – Configure storage cluster options
Objective 7.5 – Create Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) affinity and
anti-affinity rules for common use cases
Objective 7.6 – Configure and perform different types of migrations
Objective 7.7 – Configure role-based user management
Objective 7.8 – Configure and manage the options for securing a vSphere
environment (certificates, virtual machine encryption, virtual Trusted Platform
Module, lock-down mode, virtualization-based security, etc.)
Objective 7.9 – Configure and manage host profiles
Objective 7.10 – Utilize baselines to perform updates and upgrades
Objective 7.11 – Utilize vSphere Lifecycle Manager
7.11.1 – Describe Firmware upgrades for ESXi
7.11.2 – Describe ESXi updates
7.11.3 – Describe component and driver updates for ESXi
7.11.4 – Describe hardware compatibility check
7.11.5 – Describe ESXi cluster image export functionality
Objective 7.12 – Configure alarms
Recommended Courses
QUESTION 1
What are two supported ESXi boot options? (Choose two.)
A. NFS
B. iSCSI
C. vSAN
D. SAN
E. vSphere Virtual Volumes
Correct Answer: AB
QUESTION 2 An administrator receives an escalation to investigate a low disk space
alarm on a datastore. The
administrator discovers that a snapshot has been accidentally taken on a
production, write-intensive database
server. The snapshot has grown to nearly 1 TB in size in less than an hour and
continues growing every second.
Which behavior should the administrator expect while deleting the snapshot?
(Choose the best answer.)
A. ESXi will create a virtual RAM disk to cache ongoing database write activity;
performance impact will be limited.
B. ESXi will commit the snapshot delta disk into the base disk; ongoing database
write activity could result in long stun times.
C. ESXi will merge the snapshot delta disk into the base disk; the virtual
machine will be briefly stunned.
D. ESXi will instantly switch from the base disk to the snapshot delta disk with
no performance impact.
Correct Answer: A
QUESTION 3 Which two storage technologies can an administrator use to deploy the
Virtual Machine File System (VMFS)? (Choose two.)
A. Fibre Channel storage
B. vSAN storage
C. Virtual Volumes storage
D. NFS storage
E. iSCSI storage
Introduction The Certified Wireless Network Administrator (CWNA) understands standards
and operations of 802.11 wireless networks. Responsibilities include deploying,
managing, monitoring, and basic troubleshooting of these networks. The CWNA has
the ability to describe devices and operations of current WLAN technologies.
The CWNA exam has no prerequisites; however, the following are recommended
before attempting the CWNA exam:
● Basic knowledge of networking (routers, switches, cabling, etc.)
● Basic knowledge of TCP/IP
● At least 1 year of work experience with wireless LAN technologies
The skills and knowledge measured by this examination are derived from a Job
Task Analysis (JTA) involving wireless networking experts (CWNEs) and
professionals. The results of this JTA were used in weighing the subject areas
and ensuring that the weighting is representative of the relative importance of
the content.
When you pass the CWNA exam, you earn credit towards the CWSP, CWDP, CWAP, and
CWNE certifications and you earn the CWNA certification.
The following chart provides the breakdown of the exam as to the distribution of
questions within each knowledge domain.
Radio Frequency (RF) Technologies
WLAN Regulations and Standards
WLAN Protocols and Devices
WLAN Network Architecture and Design Concepts
WLAN Network Security
RF Validation
WLAN Troubleshooting
CWNP Authorized Materials Use Policy CWNP does not condone the use of unauthorized 'training materials' such as
'brain dumps'. Individuals who utilize such materials to pass CWNP exams will
have their certifications revoked. In an effort to more clearly communicate
CWNP's policy on use of unauthorized study materials, CWNP directs all
certification candidates to the CWNP Candidate Conduct Policy at:
1.0 Radio Frequency (RF) Technologies – 15% 1.1 Define and explain the basic characteristics of RF and RF behavior
• Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, phase, sine waves
• RF propagation and coverage
• Reflection, refraction, diffraction and scattering
• Multipath and RF interference
• Gain and loss
• Amplification
• Attenuation
• Absorption
• Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
• Return Loss
• Free Space Path Loss (FSPL)
1.2 Apply the basic concepts of RF mathematics and measurement • Watt and milliwatt
• Decibel (dB)
• dBm and dBi
• Noise floor
• SNR
• RSSI
• dBm to mW conversion rules of 10 and 3
• Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)
1.3 Identify RF signal characteristics as they relate to antennas. • RF and physical line of sight and Fresnel zone clearance
• Beamwidths
• Passive gain
• Polarization
• Antenna diversity types
• Radio chains
• Spatial multiplexing (SM)
• Transmit Beamforming (TxBF)
• Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)
• MIMO
1.4 Explain and apply the functionality of RF antennas, antenna systems, and
accessories available • Omni-directional antennas
• Semi-directional antennas
• Highly directional antennas
• Reading Azimuth and Elevation charts for different antenna types
• Antenna orientation
• RF cables and connectors
• Lightning arrestors and grounding rods/wires
2.0 WLAN Regulations and Standards – 20% 2.1 Explain the roles of WLAN and networking industry organizations
• IEEE
• Wi-Fi Alliance
• IETF
• Regulatory domains and agencies
2.2 Explain and apply the various Physical Layer (PHY) solutions of the IEEE
802.11-2016 standard as amended including supported channel widths, spatial
streams, data rates. • DSSS – 802.11
• HR-DSSS – 802.11b
• OFDM – 802.11a
• ERP – 802.11g
• Wi-Fi 4 - HT – 802.11n
• Wi-Fi 5 - VHT – 802.11ac
• Wi-Fi 6 - HE - 802.11ax
2.3 Understand spread spectrum technologies, Modulation and Coding Schemes
(MCS) • DSSS
• OFDM
• OFDMA and Resource Units
• BPSK
• QPSK
• QAM (16, 64, 256,1024)
2.4 Identify and apply 802.11 WLAN functional concepts • Primary channels
• Adjacent overlapping and non-overlapping channels
• Throughput vs. data rate
• Bandwidth
• Guard Interval
2.5 Describe the OSI model layers affected by the 802.11-2016 standard and
amendments
2.6 Identify and comply with regulatory domain requirements and constraints
(specifically in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) • Frequency bands used by the 802.11 PHYs
• Available channels
• Regulatory power constraints
• Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)
• Transmit Power Control (TPC)
2.7 Explain basic use case scenarios for 802.11 wireless networks • Wireless LAN (WLAN) – BSS and ESS
• Wireless bridging
• Wireless Ad-Hoc (IBSS)
• Wireless Mesh
3.0 WLAN Protocols and Devices – 20%
3.1 Describe the components and functions that make up an 802.11 wireless
service set • Stations (STAs)
• Basic Service Set (BSS) (Infrastructure mode)
• SSID
• BSSID
• Extended Service Set (ESS)
• IBSS (Ad-Hoc)
• Distribution System (DS)
• Distribution System Media (DSM)
3.2 Define terminology related to the 802.11 MAC and PHY • MSDU, MPDU, PSDU, and PPDU
• A-MSDU and A-MPDU
• PHY preamble and header
3.3 Identify and explain the MAC frame format
• MAC frame format
• MAC addressing
3.4 Identify and explain the purpose of the three main 802.11 frame types
• Management
• Control
• Data
3.5 Explain the process used to locate and connect to a WLAN • Scanning (active and passive)
• Authentication
• Association
• Open System Authentication and Shared Key authentication
• Connecting to 802.1X/EAP and Pre-Shared Key authentication networks
• BSS selection
• Connecting to hidden SSIDs
3.6 Explain 802.11 channel access methods • DCF
• EDCA
• RTS/CTS
• CTS-to-Self
• NAV
• Interframe spaces (SIFS, DIFS, EIFS, AIFS)
• Physical carrier sense and virtual carrier sense
• Hidden node
3.7 Explain 802.11 MAC operations • Roaming
• Power save modes and frame buffering
• Protection mechanisms
3.8 Describe features of, select, and install WLAN devices, control, and
management systems • Access Points (APs)
• WLAN controllers
• Wireless network management systems
• Wireless bridge and mesh APs
• Client devices
4.0 WLAN Network Architecture and Design Concepts– 15%
4.1 Describe and implement Power over Ethernet (PoE) 802.3af, 802.3at, 802.3bt • Power Source Equipment
• Powered Device
• Midspan and endpoint PSEs
• Power classes to include power differences between PSE and PD
• Power budgets and powered port density
4.2 Define and describe differences, advantages and constraints of the
different wireless LAN architectures • Centralized data forwarding
• Distributed data forwarding
• Control, Management and Data planes
• Scalability and availability solutions
• Tunneling, QoS and VLANs
4.3 Describe design considerations for common deployment scenarios in
wireless such as coverage requirements, roaming considerations, throughput,
capacity and security • Design considerations for data
• Design considerations for voice
• Design considerations for video
• Design considerations for location services including Real-Time Location
Services (RTLS)
• Design considerations for highly mobile devices (e.g. tablets and smartphones)
• Capacity planning for high and very high-density environments
• Design considerations for guest access/BYOD
• Design considerations for supporting legacy 802.11 devices
4.4 Demonstrate awareness of common proprietary features in wireless
networks. • AirTime Fairness
• Band steering
• Dynamic power and channel management features
4.5 Determine and configure required network services supporting the wireless
network • DHCP for client addressing, AP addressing and/or controller discovery
• DNS for address resolution for clients and APs
• Time synchronization protocols (e.g. NTP, SNTP)
• VLANs for segmentation
• Authentication services (e.g. RADIUS, LDAP)
• Access Control Lists for segmentation
• Wired network capacity requirements
5.0 WLAN Network Security – 10%
5.1 Identify weak security options that should not be used in enterprise WLANs • WEP
• Shared Key authentication
• SSID hiding as a security mechanism
• MAC filtering
• Use of deprecated security methods (e.g. WPA and/or WPA2 with TKIP)
• Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS)
5.2 Identify and configure effective security mechanisms for enterprise WLANs • Application of AES with CCMP for encryption and integrity
• WPA2-Personal including limitations and best practices for pre-shared (PSK)
use
• WPA2-Enterprise -configuring wireless networks to use 802.1X including
connecting to RADIUS servers and appropriate EAP methods
5.3 Understand basic concepts of WPA3 and Opportunistic Wireless Encryption
(OWE) and enhancements compared to WPA2 • Understand basic security enhancements in WPA3 vs. WPA2
• Understand basic security enhancements of encryption and integrity in WPA3
(e.g. CCMP, GCMP, AES)
• Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) in WPA3 as an enhancement for
legacy pre-shared key technology
• Understand the purpose of Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE) for public
and guest networks
5.4 Describe common security options and tools used in wireless networks • Access control solutions (e.g. captive portals, NAC, BYOD)
• Protected management frames
• Fast Secure Roaming methods
• Wireless Intrusion Prevention System (WIPS) and/or rogue AP detection
• Protocol and spectrum analyzers
• Best practices in secure management protocols (e.g. encrypted management
HTTPS, SNMPv3, SSH2, VPN and password management)
6.0 RF Validation – 10% 6.1 Verify and document that design requirements are met including coverage,
throughput, roaming, and connectivity with a post-implementation validation
survey
6.2 Locate and identify sources of RF interference
• Identify RF disruption from 802.11 wireless devices including contention vs.
interference and causes/sources of both including co-channel contention (CCC),
overlapping channels, and 802.11 wireless device proximity
• Identify sources of RF interference from non-802.11 wireless devices based on
the investigation of airtime and frequency utilization
• Understand interference mitigation options including removal of interference
source or change of wireless channel usage
6.3 Perform application testing to validate WLAN performance • Network and service availability
• VoIP testing
• Real-time application testing
• Throughput testing
6.4 Understand and use the basic features of validation tools • Use of throughput testers for validation tasks
• Use of wireless validation software (specifically survey software and wireless
scanners)
• Use of protocol analyzers for validation tasks
• Use of spectrum analyzers for validation tasks
7.0 WLAN Troubleshooting – 10%
7.1 Describe and apply common troubleshooting tools used in WLANs • Use of protocol analyzers for troubleshooting tasks
• Use of spectrum analyzers for identifying sources of interference
• Use of management, monitoring and logging systems for troubleshooting tasks
• Use of wireless LAN scanners for troubleshooting tasks
7.2 Identify and troubleshoot common wireless issues • Identify causes of insufficient throughput in the wireless distribution
systems including LAN port speed/duplex misconfigurations, insufficient PoE
budget, and insufficient Internet or WAN bandwidth
• Identify and solve RF interference using spectrum analyzers
• Identify wireless performance issues using SNR, retransmissions, and airtime
utilization statistics
• Identify causes of wireless issues related to network services including DHCP,
DNS, and time protocols including using native interface and IP configuration
tools (e.g. pings, DNS lookups, interface configuration)
• Identify wireless issues related to security configuration mismatches
QUESTION 1 What can an impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors cause?
A. Increased range of the RF signal
B. Fewer MCS values in the MCS table
C. Increased amplitude of the RF signal
D. Excessive VSWR
Correct Answer: D
QUESTION 2 A WLAN transmitter that emits a 50 mW signal is connected to a cable with 3
dB loss. If the cable is connected
to an antenna with 9dBi gain, what is the EIRP at the antenna element?
A. 26 dBm
B. 13 dBm
C. 23 dBm
D. 10 dBm
Correct Answer: C
QUESTION 3 In a long-distance RF link, what statement about Fade Margin is true?
A. A Fade Margin is unnecessary on a long-distance RF link if more than 80% of
the first Fresnel zone is clear of obstructions.
B. The Fade Margin is a measurement of signal loss through free space and is a
function of frequency and distance.
C. Fade Margin is an additional pad of signal strength designed into the RF
system to compensate for unpredictable signal fading.
D. The Fade Margin of a long-distance radio link should be equivalent to the
receiver’s low noise filter gain.
